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coral reefs form one of the most important ecosystems of our planet by both towards the open sea and against the country more or less delineated ecological entity with its own material and energy flow . form
It is the existence of the species-rich biosphere of our earth - in the estimated one million species are bound to the reef, a pronounced lack of nutrients and space for the animals to. This scarce vital resources have to be shared here living organisms. This makes the reef so wonderful diverse and sensitive one.
The coral reef is a coral hermatypical mainly on an area of about 600.000km2 built structure. This reef is so large that it significantly affects the ecological factors of its environment. The consistency of the reef is sufficiently strong to withstand the oncoming waves and protect the coastline from erosion. The reef structure significantly influenced the composition of their communities by providing a diverse and characteristic indented space for specifically adapted to this reef reef inhabitants. For the different reef areas offer their respective communities different populations, all relevant environmental factors in order to colonize it and thus form their habitat.
The delicate coexistence in coral reef depends on the respect of many inter-relationships of organisms from one another, as the creature in such a community or biological community in a very strong mutual dependence of one another and depend on the life and behavior of these .
coral reefs can be found almost exclusively between 30 ° north and 30 degrees south latitude. This raises the question of what factors limit the coral reefs just in this area? The complexity and variability of the coral reef habitats are of a considerable variety of abiotic and biotic conditions identified that limit the coral reefs in certain areas of the earth. As limiting reef growth to show, especially the temperature, light intensity and salinity of the water, affecting the lime synthesis and coexistence of reef-building corals and their living in symbiosis with algae.
Although a coral reef is to be a nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) habitats, photosynthesis supplies within the limits of the reef, the amount of organic carbon, which is to maintain all living organisms required. For despite the scarcity of nutrients have coral reefs one of the highest primary production rates in all natural ecosystems. This is a more or less closed system. To minimize loss of nutrients are bound in the reef as many ingredients in the biomass of reef organisms. Therefore, one should not remove any parts from the coral reef ecosystem, since all are required in the nutrient-poor habitat for the reconstruction! Also, the coral reef ecosystem requires a positive nutrient balance. Organic nutrients are mostly of the reef community and immediately recycled into the material cycle involved. Therefore, a coral reef is characterized by permanent processes of assembly and disassembly. Primary producers that provide the needed positive mass balance, are the autotrophic zooxanthellae, which live together with the reef-building corals in an endogenous symbiosis.
More information can be found in the website of Amed Scuba in Bali. As a biologist I can tell you not only theoretically give the same information, but you dive together and watched the spot in the coral reefs of Bali.

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Abiotic factors in reef growth

location factors
Abiotic factors limiting coral reefs in certain regions of our Earth because they limit reef growth. These factors include the temperature, lighting conditions and the salinity of the sea.

temperature
show the growth of coral reefs sites relatively consistent conditions which take place mostly in the 20 ° isotherm. Ideal growing conditions can find coral reefs in average water temperatures of 25 to 26 ° Celsius. Temperatures drop below 20 ° Celsius sinks so initially the growth rate of reef-building corals. Temperatures are dropping, but further, the corals die. At a water temperature of 15 ° C this is done after 24 hours and all the corals are dead
comes at increasing temperatures over 29 ° Celsius, the stress factor by which the corals are exposed by the so-called coral bleaching. The algae that live in the coral produces false metabolites and is repelled by her hosts. These obligate endosymbiosis between coral and its zooxanthellae is vital for the survival of the reef. Hand, the symbiont within half a year back to his hosts, the coral polyps die.

lighting
light is the limiting factor in the spread of the reef into deeper water. At depths of 70 to 90m corals can hardly grow. The light intensity is here below 10% compared to the surface. The dependence of the coral growth due to the light of the symbiotic relationship between coral and algae ago. The autotrophic zooxanthellae require sunlight for photosynthesis to win with the help of light from water and carbon dioxide, glucose and oxygen. The sugar feeds both the algae and the coral polyps.
But the light gradient in the reef is changing not only from top to bottom, but also occur within the reef due to the different growth of the corals themselves a variety of light and shadow areas. To accommodate for this light, the corals grow in different areas differently. This differentiated the reef in ecologically different areas and there are different ecological niches.
addition to the physical space, which occupies an organism, describes the ecological niche and the specific field of action of a kind, created by a system of interaction between the organism and its environment.

salinity
Ideal growing conditions are the reef-building organisms from where the average salinity in the summer of 36 per thousand in the late summer and 28-32 per thousand. In this case, higher salinities up to 45 per thousand more easily accepted as too low. This presents a problem in the rainy season and by possible discharges of fresh water by a growing number of hotels along the coastline. Although corals tolerate a short time a lower salt content up to 75% below normal, they die off after a short exposure time. Therefore, many coral reefs in no sphere of influence of fresh water such as in estuaries. prove

as limiting reef growth mainly PO4-P and NH4, which is in the oligotrophic reef even higher than in the water flowing around the reef. The concentration of PO4-P in the reef is usually only slightly higher than in the surrounding ocean. It is however close to the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth.
The NH4 concentration is usually higher than in the surrounding Ocean and the limiting of the phytoplankton concentration.
For this reason, the reefs also show very nutritious and phytoplanktonarm. The autotrophic phytoplankton as primary producers, however necessary for the food chain in any ecological system, to feed the following chain members. Energy is lost in the food pyramid, including through the metabolic reactions of living organisms. For this reason, the close endosymbiosis between coral and algae is essential for the survival of corals. The amount of the autotrophic primary production is not completely from the supply of inorganic nutrients from the coral garden, as the system is also connected to the sea water flowing around.

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coral death - A dream team in danger

images and information from Amed Scuba Bali.

Cooperation invaluable provide a myriad of small algae called zooxanthellae that (Symbiodinium microachiaticum) - in collaboration with a large coral polyps to ten millimeters. Symbiont and economic development while underwater landscapes of incredible shapes and colors that are even visible from space, and here in Bali untouched for centuries have developed a special splendor.
The green alga lives in the hospitality of their host cell harvester paint coral. The Periplast protects the algae cells from the digestion by the Korallenlysosomen. Confined space can be adapted to each other directly through this between all parties, the respective metabolic reactions and thus much more economical to run off and rent losses in the nutrient-poor environment of the coral reef . The size relationship between coral and algae is in the range 0.7 to 1.2. This means that about half of the polyp consists of plant material. To build
a reef, the corals to be able both to form colonies and those with a Kalkgerüst to each other. The corals form their calcareous skeleton by dissolved calcium ions (Ca + +) combine with bicarbonate to solid calcium carbonate.
Ca + + +2 [HCO3-] <--> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
produced in this reaction and CO2, which would combine with water to form carbonic acid when it is not removed from the material cycle. That would slow the overhangs significantly or stop, because the acid dissolves the limestone again. The oceans were acidic and the ratio of carbon and lime compounds would shift. The algae use the CO2 during the day but at the same time boost their photosynthesis and the formation of calcium carbonate on. The binding of carbon to the reef is between 4-6g/m3/d. In the open ocean compared binds only 0.06 to 0.5 g/m3/d carbon. Without photosynthetic primary producers a reef life would be unimaginable. The up to 10 times faster growth of the coral is only this endosymbiotic relationship between the coral polyp and its due to algae. Because of photosynthesis provides the small alga their hosts at the same time the needed oxygen and about 90% of assimilated carbohydrates of the coral- but also glycerol and fatty acids for their energy in cell respiration. At the same time, the algae on toxic waste products of their hosts and processes the resulting in the digestion of ammonia as amino acids. On this symbiosis rests the enormous productivity of nutrient-poor ecosystem. Because of the metabolic cycle between coral and algae, which usually takes place in the sea on many levels of the food chain with resulting high losses is in the symbiosis between algae and coral short circuited!
explains the presence of zooxanthellae also why reef growth must be restricted to the set by abiotic factors areas. The essential prerequisite for the performance of the metabolism of autotrophic Korallensymbionten is the one the light and the other the temperature.
The zooxanthellae absorb light at a range between 440-670nm (they work but most effective between 490-540nm). These wavelengths are found at a depth between 20 to 30m. Located directly below the water surface is still very strong UV light (200-400nm), however, can affect the biochemical processes of the algae even. To protect their symbionts from the harmful UV radiation to give as Acropora coral polyps and amino acids such as Palythin Glymycosporin as "sunscreen" from. This sunscreen absorbs UV radiation between wavelengths of 310-330 nanometers. Too little light is the polyp vice versa in a position to extend its active surface, to capture more light for their symbionts.
This vital symbiosis between host and symbiont may end abruptly when the algae is under stress. Causes of this stress may be the above-mentioned excessive UV radiation, toxins in the water (eg high or too low salt content) and a steadily rising water temperature. The best corals thrive at temperatures between 25 and even 29 degrees, for example, how to east coasts of continents and also here with us permanently in Amed finds. The coral reefs are also under threat because of global warming increases the sea level is not only visible, but it is also fear that the heat will have a fatal to the coral gardens. In response to the stress of constantly high temperatures to meet the polyps from their zooxanthellae and turn pale. The so-called "coral bleaching" coral bleaching begins. Takes the extract of the algae more than a few weeks, go the polyp from the energy stocks, which supplies the operating photoautotroph alga him. The function of the algae and phototrophic by live coral to die if their symbiont will not return back to them. Alan Strong from the Research Camp Springs, Maryland, the satellite images tracked, says: "Past experience shows Coral bleaching those areas in which the monthly mean of sea temperature at the surface of the previous maximum in a region by more than one degree Celsius exceeds. "With an increased water temperature shrinks the ability of the zooxanthellae with the help of light, water and carbon dioxide from the for polyps create vital sugar. Instead, algae produce the unstable reactive molecules, after which the polyp's essential symbionts repels.
The protection of coral reefs should be our concern! But they offer a home to a countless number of different ways. Disappear only a few species, then this the death of other species being taken, because living in the low-nutrient-sensitive species living in the reef in close interdependence. And here also live about a quarter of the fish species in the world to feed the millions of people and thus represent food and income source not only for the residents. Coral reefs are considered rich source for numerous pharmaceuticals, as a breakwater to protect the coasts and their inhabitants and also for tourism, they offer an attraction. Worldwide, d he fight to save the reefs a race against time. The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere threatens the coral not only indirectly by global warming, but the carbon dioxide it also damages directly resulting from the carbonic acid, which dissolves the lime. It affects mainly the so-called aragonite lime, which causes a large buffer capacity of the sea and the reef can grow. Flowering underwater landscapes of great styles and form of wealth as we can admire the time in Amed or species-poor underwater deserts, the future will tell us how our coral reefs develop.

Do you wear to protect coral reefs in this by removing anything from the low-nutrient-sensitive coral reefs! Do not break off the slow-growing corals or buy them not for sale as jewelry! Do not throw garbage into the water and get involved in the waste reduction!

reef protection
especially scuba divers have to be very careful because some of their equipment and can contribute to reef conservation:
is important to first secure buoyancy! Through secure control of the lift force to damage to the coral can often avoid. Many a time will cause damage to the coral reef by divers control their buoyancy is not sufficient to sink too fast on the descent while falling on corals.
Make sure that your Voting weights and you have not placed too much lead. If you überbleit, your feet sink down and can thereby hurt corals.
learning to balance the buoyancy force, by relaxing under water, slowing her breathing rhythm.
Only dive in the coral reef when they are practiced in it.
If you are not immersed long time, they may experience difficulties in the buoyancy out of practice. Take your time with your instructor to do a refresher dive before you go into the reef. The refresh should take place at a point where you do not destroy corals.
eighth When photographing sure that you are not against coral Encountered while you focus on an object you wish to photograph.
Check that your drags depth and pressure gauge is not along the ground, where it can destroy corals.
If you dive under overhangs or in caves along the way in, so be sure to allow sufficient distance, because you also have a tank on the back. Avoid crowded in tight spaces.
air bubbles rise in caves up and collect in the recesses of the cave roof, where they suffocate the organisms that live there in the exhaled air literally.
you driving around collecting plastic and other waste from the Coral Gardens, as this waste can smother the coral polyps.
Help with the coral clean of algae overgrowth.
Do not remove the coral garden living organisms from the sea.
divers can help the health of reefs and other coastal ecosystems monitoring. If you want to make a diving vacation, consider whether you can attend one of the monitoring projects undertaken for active reef conservation.

coral bleaching in Bali

When diving in Bali can be seen that coral bleaching already in evidence. Along the northeast coast of Bali, the most beautiful coral reefs are a tremendous Species richness. From Permuteran in Buleleng to Amed Karangasem can be observed in a rapid progression of coral bleaching. Urgent action is needed in order to avert the worst impacts on coral reefs of Bali, reports the Indonesian group of the Reef Check Indonesia Foundation (Rcif).
The progress of coral bleaching, particularly in the area around Amed must be determined. About 40% of hard corals are affected vegetation in the area. In contrast, Tulamben, which is about 15 minutes from Amed away, it appears that only about 10% of hard corals stand to be affected by coral bleaching.
Rcif has called for a six-point plan to minimize destruction of the coral. The main reason for coral bleaching is first of all, the increased water temperature, which in Bunutan in November Riffrand at 33 ° C and was already at 10m depth at 30 ° C. While coral bleaching proceeds are on average temperatures between 29 ° C and 30 ° C in the reefs around Amed reported.
The coral specialist Naneng Seiasih, project director of the Rcif says the progression of coral bleaching cooperation requires to manage its impact.
Nineteen species of hard corals and four species of soft corals have been identified as affected and four other species of hard corals are partially affected.
The six-point plan provides:
A more rigorous management of the protected Areas to prevent destruction of corals and prevent.
Destructive fishing methods such as poison to blow up or be banned.
algae from dead coral removed, so that they can rejuvenate themselves.
make sure to reduce the feeding of herbivorous fish or prohibit entirely, because they clean the coral from algae proliferating on it.
The divers will be trained better (eg through better buoyancy) to minimize contact with the corals.
volontiers are looking to monitor the reefs and send reports to Reef Check.

An investigation of the hard corals in South Bali along the international Ngurah Rai airport in 2005 has shown that even 75% of the tested hard corals are affected by coral bleaching. A further investigation the following year noted that there is no soft corals in the area ceased to exist. Rcif said, Indonesia was affected in various ways by the global phenomenon of mass coral bleaching in 1997-98. Reportedly were ultimately half of the hard corals affected. The Bali Barat National Park on the coral bleaching 100% of corals were affected. To Gili Islands in Lombok affected the coral bleaching about 90% of the area. Elsewhere the influence coral bleaching in the coral Seribu National Park in the east and in Kilimantans Karimunjawa, where 50-60% of coral died.
are also high, the economic costs of Riffzerstörung. The Riffzerstörung has financial losses in the fishing industry and tourism to the episode.
A report indicates that if there is one other coral death in the next 50 years in Southeast Asia, with financial losses amounting to 38 trillion U.S. dollars at arithmetic.
Rising water temperatures are certainly a cause of coral bleaching in some areas. Some specialists predict that after having studied the tolerance ranges of coral bleaching over the last 100 years, which will enter the 2020 coral bleaching an annually recurring phenomenon.
In Bali coral reefs a critical economic area, both for tourism and for the fishing industry. Shown to tourists spend less in areas with coral degeneration and reduced coral cover also reduces the number of fish. One study suggested that the destruction of the coral cover has more than 10 percent reduction in the fish population of an area by 62 percent lead. "We can not prevent global warming, but together we can reduce the impact on nature and people," says Naneng Setiasih at the press conference in Denpasar, where the results of the study Rcif have been announced. She continues, a first step must be the local reefs protect it by reducing other stresses and thereby reached the reef to strengthen further against fading. The various sectors of society must concern the management of fisheries to tourism sector. Bali is developing a marine conservation area and many of the eco-friendly tourism operators to help reduce the pressure on our reefs by eliminating the Korallenraubbau to use buoys instead of anchors for the boats and organize clean-up operations. Zoning was an area of reef management and technical assistance can accelerate the recovery of the reef can be used. According to the social order must continuously into a network of activities be tailored to promote the scientific evidence which supports the identification of coral resistance and resilience, and which supports the development of marine conservation management.
The company says they already receive support from government and non-government organizations (NGO's). Government programs support the Rifferforschung and reconstructive measures. Bali's Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries would like to help by providing information further extends directly through the media and community groups.
NGOs, and universities in Bali such as the Mitra Bahasa Conservatory are in a partner Project combined, which focuses on the management of coastal and marine resources, these are partners in the government project, which organized a research group to explore the coral reef development in the context of global warming out. The Indonesian Marine Tourism Association of Bali will be committed to sustainable tourism and integrate the tourism industry in the collection of data on coral bleaching with. As far as the world Koservierungsgesellschaft and Bahtera Nusantar company wants to make the case for the project.


Will you help us to protect and contribute to dive with us, write to Amed Bali Scuba .